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Washington. Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman. 57 pp.
Moskowitz, D. 2010. Wildlife of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press, Portland Oregon.
North Cascades Grizzly Bear Recovery Team. 2004. Recovery plan for grizzly bears in the North
Cascades
 of British Columbia.
Appendix 1: Grizzly Bear Field Identification
There are three key field marks to look for in photographs of bears, or actual bears.
Shoulders: Grizzly bears have a prominent shoulder hump while black bears typically do not.
Head profile: Grizzly bears have a concave (dished) profile to their forhead and snout and have short
rounded ears. Black bears head profile is flat and their ears are taller.
Claws: Claws on the front feet of grizzly bears can be extremely long and relatively flat (used for
digging). Claws on the front feet of black bears are not as prominent and are curved (useful for tree
climbing).
Figure 2. Field Marks for distinguishing black bear and grizzly bears. Source: Center For Wildlife Information
(http://centerforwildlifeinformation.org/BeBearAware/Bears_of_North_America/Black-Grizzly_ID/black-grizzly_id.html,
retrieved March 2014).
