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Acknowledgements
Thanks very much to Bill Gaines, Robert Long for discussing the details of their project and helping
adapt our methods to support this work and to Aja Woodrow for helping us refine our adapted field
methods and outfitting us with scent lures. The description of genetic sample collections was adapted
from field methods text written for the North Cascades Wolverine Project.
References
Kendall, K.C., and K.S. McKelvey. 2008. Hair collection. Pages 141–182 in Long, R. A., P. MacKay, W. J.
Zielinski, and J. C. Ray, editors. Noninvasive survey methods for carnivores. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Long, R.A., J.S. Begley, P. MacKay, W.L. Gaines, and A.J. Shirk. 2013. The Cascades Carnivore
Connectivity Project: A landscape genetic assessment of connectivity for carnivores in Washington's
North Cascades Ecosystem. Final report for the Seattle City Light Wildlife Research Program, Seattle,
Washington. Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman. 57 pp.
Moskowitz, D. 2010. Wildlife of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press, Portland Oregon.
North Cascades Grizzly Bear Recovery Team. 2004. Recovery plan for grizzly bears in the North
Cascades
 of British Columbia.
Appendix 1: Grizzly Bear Field Identification
There are three key field marks to look for in photographs of bears, or actual bears.
Shoulders: Grizzly bears have a prominent shoulder hump while black bears typically do not.
Head profile: Grizzly bears have a concave (dished) profile to their forhead and snout and have short
rounded ears. Black bears head profile is flat and their ears are taller.
Claws: Claws on the front feet of grizzly bears can be extremely long and relatively flat (used for
digging). Claws on the front feet of black bears are not as prominent and are curved (useful for tree
climbing).
