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Acknowledgements
Thanks to Gabe Spence (Twisp Washington), Ray Robertson (Carlton, Washington), Aja Woodrow
(United States Forest Service), Robert Long (Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle Washington), and Adam
Lieberg (Northwest Connections, Swan Valley Montana) for offering their thoughts on this topic. Thanks
to Jenn Wolfe for donating her time to produce the camera trap design illustrations in this document.
References
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Surveying predicted rendezvous sites to monitor gray wolf populations. Journal of Wildlife Management
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Fritts, S. H., R. O. Stephenson, R. D. Hayes, and L. Boitani. 2003. Wolves and humans. In Mech, L. D., and
L. Boitani, eds. 2003. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kreeger, T. J. 2003. The internal wolf: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. In Mech, L. D., and L.
Boitani, eds. 2003. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Long, R. A., P. MacKay, W. J. Zielinski, and J. C. Ray, editors. 2008 Noninvasive survey methods for
carnivores. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Trapp, J. 2004. Wolf den site selection and characteristics in the northern Rocky Mountains: a multi-scale
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Washington Department of Fish and Widlife. 2011. Final environmental impact statement for the wolf
conservation and management plan for Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife,
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Appendix 1: Wolf Tracks, Scats and Sign
Follow guidelines laid out in the General Remote Camera Protocol Document for photo-documenting
potential tracks and signs of wolves found while in the field. Below are details for distinguishing wolf
tracks and signs to keep an eye out for while scouting for where to set up camera traps.
Field teams should consider carrying a field guide to help distinguish wolf tracks and signs in the field.
Western Wildlife Outreach has an online description available at: http://westernwildlife.org/gray-wolf-
outreach-project/signs-of-wolves/.
